A womans self esteem Essay Example For Students

A womans confidence Essay Nathaniel Brandens A Womens Self-Esteem gives an inside view to helping ladies improve their confidence and start to carry on with a more beneficial, more joyful life. Confidence is simply the capacity to encounter as being skilled to adapt to the essential difficulties of life and to be equipped for looking for satisfaction. It comprises of two segments: self-viability, or the capacity to picked, learn, think and settle on fitting choices, and sense of pride, the option to be delighted, the conviction that accomplishing, making companions, succeeding, cherishing and satisfaction are meriting for us. Confidence is basic to all people to have solid turn of events. In the event that one does not have a positive confidence, mental development would be stunned. Branden depicts a womans confidence as a structure of six columns; with no one column the entire structure would crumple. The columns incorporate every one of the accompanying: living intentionally, self-acknowledgment, self-duty, confidence, living deliberately, and living with honesty. Each issue is examined in detail, and individual stories are described to give proof of extraordinary contextual investigations in which these subjects are found. In the finish of every clarification of the subject, Branden incorporates a sentence culmination practice in which sentence stems are given and the peruser is coordinated to rapidly react by adding a consummation of each stem. This activity is a magnificent technique for perspectives and is marvelous for discharging ones thoughts through composition. The work later portrays extraordinary conditions in which confidence assumes a key job. These uncommon issues include: sentimental love, the dread of narrow-mindedness, envy, communicating outrage, protectiveness, and achievement tension. Each subject is secured explicitly and these sections likewise include contextual investigations and extra sentence finish works out. Branden comforts the peruser by guaranteeing her or him that albeit one may regularly feel remorseful for these emotions, they are ordinary, and without them one would get merciless in their own bliss. This territory of the book, whenever acknowledged, is bunched with numerous important, deep rooted exercises and directions. Branden then proceeds to edify the peruser with engaging procedures to help in disentangling the secrets behind a portion of these extraordinary issues, which one might have the option to apply to their own life. The end leaves the peruser with an earnest want to endeavor to consummate their confidence. Or maybe truly, I discovered Brandens thought of a womans confidence to be to some degree irksome from the outset. I thought that it was hard to peruse a work proposed for a female crowd yet composed by a male. In spite of the fact that this assessment might be somewhat misogynist, I felt just a lady knows a womans emotions and subsequently would be increasingly able to communicate her supposition on such an issue. I rapidly conquered this inclination the further I read Brandens work. In spite of the fact that he is male, he is entirely educated and wise; he knows a tremendous sum on this subject, making him similarly as appropriate to compose such a book as any lady might be. While perusing this work I started to investigate my own confidence, trusting that it will hold up to the norms set by Branden. It is hard to acknowledge the reality ones confidence isn't great and won't have the entirety of the characteristics indexed in the work. The peruser must acknowledge the possibility that like everything else, improving ones confidence will take work, commitment and time. Changing a quality as essential as confidence can be incredibly requesting. One is obliged to get aware of the truth that we are not great, and yet we should endeavor to purge and free our confidence all things considered; generally endeavor to accomplish an amazing, certain and solid confidence. Brandens establishment, from which the whole book is fabricated, is simply the six columns our regard is built upon. We should get each of the six columns to in fact have a solid and solid confidence. Anne Frank Essay I have thought that it was hard to endeavor to satisfy every one of the six perspectives, yet with some work it is conceivable. To live deliberately I attempt to acknowledge the realities of reality without evasion or forswearing. To act naturally tolerating I should understand the truth of my considerations, feelings and activities. I attempt to be deferential and humane to other people and myself and hold all associations with extraordinary worth. I am .

Cross-Cultural Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Multifaceted Perspectives Essay The Coca Cola Company, the world’s biggest worldwide refreshment maker and partnership, works packaging plants and sells its items in excess of 200 nations over the globe (The Coca Cola Company, 2014). Coca Cola’s huge worldwide nearness requires the association to comprehend the various societies of its many host nations; the laws inside every nation; and the business standards, styles, just as practices of every nation it conducts business tasks in. The organization has created and actualized various arrangements, guidelines, and rules for its providers, activity the board, and representatives in its different host nations. In any case, the entirety of this itemized endeavor to address transparencies in the corporation’s gracefully chains all through the world didn't stop its El Salvadoran packaging and assembling plant’s the executives from buying refined sugar from a plant which utilized youngster work. As per Human Rights Watch (HRW), up to 33% of the laborers on El Salvador’s sugarcane ranches are younger than 18, with many beginning to work in the fields between the ages of eight and eleven (HRW, 2004). Despite the fact that, the national and worldwide youngster work specialists restrict minors younger than 18 from performing risky or unsafe work, estate proprietors characterize these small kids and adolescents who work with their folks as â€Å"helpers† rather than the laborers they really are (Veracity, 2006). The above section speaks to one of the many diverse issues confronting Coca Cola and the bunch of other worldwide associations connections outside the United States. In these different host nations having your youngsters working adjacent to you is viewed as normal social practices; it gives extra salary to the family’s endurance in light of the fact that the poor condition of huge numbers of their country’s economy, (for example, El Salvador) permits these treacheries to proceed. In any case, of why these youngsters are working in the sugarcane fields, and the way that Coca Cola doesn't really buy itsâ refined sugar legitimately from the estates, the organization is in direct infringement of its own â€Å"Guiding Principles for Suppliers to Coca Cola Company† approach. The arrangement expresses that, â€Å"Suppliers won't use kid work as characterized by neighborhood law,† however Coca Cola neglects to broaden this approach above and beyond in the flexibly chain to incorporate the supplier’s provider of crude material (Veracity, 2006). Thus, in the drawn out implies that the association is similarly as socially and morally answerable for the utilization of kid work just as the damage working in the field make as the providers and the manor proprietors. The Coca Cola recipe was created in 1886 by drug specialist John Stith Pemberton in Columbus, Georgia; and the equation just as the brand was bought in 1889 by Asa Griggs Chandler who fused The Coca Cola Company in 1892 (The Coca Cola Company, 2014). All through its numerous long periods of activities the business constantly showed solid market direction; displayed vital dynamic procedures; and took activities to pull in, fulfill, and hold clients. These positive activities have quite r ecently added to company’s bit of leeway and gainfulness over rivals in the drink business, which is the reason they are number one on the planet. By and by, as the association started to extend its activities into increasingly more host nations around the world it has been include with a lot of unfortunate behavior and sketchy dishonest conduct. Subsequently, these lawful and moral issues have affected the corporation’s money related exhibitions, financial specialist trust, and diminished its business levels. Today’s Coca Cola Company is presently captivating in an activity to remake its image picture and believability, improve its sells, and strengthen its notoriety by creating and actualizing more grounded organization moral and social duty all through its whole worldwide commercial center (The Coca Cola Company, 2014). There have been various occasions other than kid work in El Salvador where Coca Cola has been included and considered responsible in dishonest conduct. In Colombia, Turkey, and Guatemala packaging plants the organization has been blamed for recruiting paramilitary soldiers of fortune to kill, to rment, and pressure laborers, their relatives, and association pioneers as they endeavored to unionize to shield laborers from unreasonable treatment and maltreatment by the host countries’ managers. These occurrences started a battle entitled, â€Å"Stop Killer Coke†, and a 2009 PBS narrative shot by German Gutierezz and Carmen Garcia entitled, â€Å"The Coca-Cola Case†Ã¢ to uncover the company’s practices to customers around the globe (Huff, E. A., 2010). Obviously, Coca Cola denied the charges against the organization and its packaging accomplices, where freed from any wrong doing in the outside courts. At the point when the case was brought to the United States, Coca Cola battled and prevailing with regards to having its name expelled from the claim (Huff, E. A., 2010). Another moral and social duty issue the organization experienced, really there are two natural issues concerning the consumption of groundwater and contaminating of water in India. Coca Cola works 52 water serious packaging plants in India utilizing 3.8 liters of freshwater to produce a liter of carbonated beverage. While in the Southern Indian town of Plachimada in Kerala state groundwate r alongside nearby wells evaporated constraining inhabitants to depend on water supplies trucked in every day by the legislature because of tenacious dry spells, and the company’s packaging plants. In the provincial Indian territory of Uttar Pradesh where cultivating is the essential business the inhabitants have been encountering comparable conditions, just the administration isn't providing enough water for the yields. Because of the groundwater consumption circumstances the business isn't just liable for the loss of vocation and yearn for the numerous residents across India, yet the production of thirst. In 2003, different issues of contaminated water were found close to the Kerala and Uttar Pradesh packaging plants. Ooze containing significant levels of cadmium, lead, and chromium was given to ranchers as free manure to inborn ranchers who lived close to the plants, however the requirement for new water was neglected by Coca Cola. As a side note, an Indian not-for-profit bunch tried 57 carbonated drinks made by both Coca Cola and Pepsi at 25 packaging plants were seen as polluted with somewhere in the range of three and five distinct pesticides (The Corporation, 2009). Despite the fact that, the association denied making the issues, the Indian government requested Coca Cola to close down one of its $25 million plants. The association at that point contemplated its corporate social duty (and lost income); and chose to improve their strategic policies in the neighborhood networks, decreased the water utilization by 34%, began water gathering, and returned generous measures of water to exhausted springs. They likewise quit disseminating muck, got together with the Indian government to build up extra strong waste removal locales, and started treating the water used to make soda pops with enacted carbon filtration (The Corporation, 2009). Coca Cola directed these enhancements to recover the trust of the neighborhood networks and the Indian government. In any case, my inquiry would be, the reason not practice these moral and corporate duty arrangements from the earliest starting point? As an ever increasing number of associations are using the chance of changing into worldwide tasks, they should inquire about how business is directed, the neighborhood laws, just as the administration strategies and activity techniques for each host nation they wish to work in. At that point they should join and actualize the entirety of their moral and corporate social obligation they utilize in their nation of origin all around all through the whole business activity. Making a bound together culture that will stick to an elevated level of business conduct in every single worldwide activity, regarding the entirety of the neighborhood workforces’ societies and conventions, and taking out the utilization of any exploitative qualit ies or practices from home and abroad. References Fit, E. A. (2010, May, 22). Coca Cola’s Murderous Record of Anti-Union Activity Exposed Retrieved from http://www.naturalnews.com/028844_coca-cola_html. The Coca Cola Company (2014). Recovered from http://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-organization. The Corporation (2009). Moral Issues Concerning Coca-Cola in India. Recovered from http://imaginecorporation.blogspot.com/moral issues-concerning-cocacola-in.html Veracity, D. (2006). Coca-Cola, Human Rights and Child Labor Retrieved from http://www.naturalmatters.net/article.asp?article=1301cat=219

10 of the Best Audiobooks of 2016 So Far

10 of the Best Audiobooks of 2016 So Far Audiobooks have come a long way: where once I used to hope that a book would someday be available as an audiobook now I find myself having the conundrum of deciding whether I want to read recent releases with my ears or eyeballs (or both!). The publishing industry has obviously realized how many audiobook lovers there are and thanks to technological advances were getting a lot more selectionand ways to listen. And it’s awesome. Especially with so many great 2016 audiobook releases. Here’s what we’re loving so far. The View From the Cheap Seats by Neil Gaiman: Neil Gaimans voice deep, calm, with a patient British accent makes for a delightfully soothing listen to an incredible collection of nonfiction works. I wandered through bookstores in New York City while listening to him talk to me about the importance of libraries, his own experience reading as a child, and how no book for a child is a bad book for a child. His essays are fantastic and youll want to highlight your copy of the book up and down, but I highly recommend listening to the audiobook it brings you sort of one step closer to the personal stories and anecdotes Gaiman shares. Nicole Brinkley The Fireman by Joe Hill: Joe.Hill.narrated.by.Kate.Mulgrew.  Need I say more? Okay… I will. Not only did this book inspire in me feelings of outrage, stress and, ultimately, hope, but Mulgrew’s narration added a tension to Hill’s story that only enhanced the feeling that I was experiencing Harper’s situation myself. Kate Mulgrew should narrate all the things and Joe Hill should write all the things.  /gavel Elizabeth Allen Lab Girl by Hope Jahren: This audiobook might be the surprise of the year for me. I don’t listen to a ton of audio because I have a short attention span for listening, and some of the author-read books I’ve tried have been big disappointments. Jahren’s memoir of her life in science is a delight, and the pop-science combined with her reading of it pushes it over the edge into “great” territory. It’s readily apparently that she is in love with science and discovery, passionate about the people on the journey with her, and I loved getting to know her as well as gaining a better understanding of the science of plants. I didn’t realize just how fascinating that could be. Andi Miller Shrill by Lindy West: If you are a person who appreciates unapologetic feminism, body positivity, and a well-placed poop joke, Lindy Wests Shrill might wind up being the best book of essays you have ever listened to in your life. Sandwiched between HILARIOUS jokes about reading high fantasy by Robert Jordan on the bus, and the situation with deeply disturbing high school choir outfits, Lindy has gifted us a fat feminist abortion manifesto (her words), because people don’t expect to hear from women like that. And I want other women to see me do that and I want womens voices to get louder.  Ive long loved Lindy Wests amazing comedic timing in her writing for The Stranger, Jezebel, and The Guardian, and listening to her deliver her jokes on audio was kind of the most fantastic thing ever. She confesses that she never wanted to be the poster child for fighting virtual trolls and calling out rape jokes, yet she does it every day for everyone who wants women’s voices to get louder. She s doing it for me, and shes doing it for you. Thank you, Lindy West 3 Rachel Smalter Hall The Passenger by Lisa Lutz, Madeleine Maby (Narrator): I have a terrible habit of listening to murder mysteries/thrillers while driving alone through long, isolated stretches of highway. So when I put on Lisa Lutz’s The Passenger during a drive to Tahoe, I thought I was facing several nights of sleeping with the lights on. The opening lines were not reassuring: “In case you were wondering, I didn’t do it. I didn’t have anything to do with Frank’s death.” Well, great, glad I’m taking this narrator with me to a cabin in the woods. I neednt have worried. Lutz’s protagonist, Tanya, certainly has skeletons in her closet but they’re more mysterious than creepy. As she flees her past, Tanya slips from identity to identity and meets an increasingly unpredictable cast of characters. Though I never completely trusted Tanya as a narrator, I was glad to be along for the ride. Katie MacBride The Girl From Everywhere by Heidi Heilig: About 90% of my “reading” these days come from audiobooks and I’ve come to appreciate the recordings that are non-intrusive, where I can listen without really realizing I’m not reading a book myself. That is much easier said than done, but Kim Mai Guest nails it every time. Her narration let me sink in to this wonderful world of magic-based time travel, pirate ships, complicated family relationships, and a mixing pot of mythologies by perfectly, inobtrusively rendering the beautiful prose. Sarah Nicolas And my picks for best audiobooks of 2016 so far are: The Regional Office Is Under Attack! by Manuel Gonzales: A smart, bonkers, and awesome book filled with lady assassins, a mechanical arm wielding character, an Oracle, and great fight scenes that had me cheering for fightingand was literally what the title says it is about. The delivery of the narrators (Sarah Scott, Natasha Soudek, Susan Hanfield, and Mike Chamberlain) was so spot-on that every time there was an f-bomb dropped Id laugh out loud (the real kind not the online lol kind). The Devourers by Indra Das: Beautifully written, intense, original, brutal, and a captivating story about a professor and the mysterious half-werewolf man he meets who has a strange request: to transcribe a hell of a tale involving a shape-shifter and the woman he rapes. Matching the lush writing is Shishir Kurups delicious voice and Meera Simhans lovely narration which makes the vulgarities, violence, and exploration of what makes us human vs monster go down smoother. Being Jazz: My Life as a (Transgender) Teen   by Jazz Jennings: I recently have seen people making comments about how women under a certain age have no right writing memoirs and I could not disagree more. Jazz Jennings is a teen with a story everyone should read. Shes smart, funny, compassionate, and shows that even with a supportive family the world is still full of hurdles for the transgender community. Shes also a fantastic narrator. American Housewife: Stories by Helen Elli, Kathleen McInerney (Narrator), Lisa Cordileone (Narrator),  Rebecca Lowman (Narrator), Dorothy Dillingham Blue (Narrator): The women and stories in this collection were so funny and entertaining I ended up volunteering to organize my basement so I could spend the day listening. (First time I’ve read an entire short story collection in one sittingâ€"technically standing on a ladder.) From dumpster diving reality show contestants, to a ridiculous neighbor war, to a bra size fitter, and the behind the scenes of a book club I loved every story and moment of this book and its smart, dark humor. Do you have a favorite 2016 audiobook? Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Save Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

What Is It Like Living In A Home With Low Income Poverty

What is it like living in a home with low income? Poverty is the state of not having enough money to meet basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. What affects does it have on children? Children living in low income homes face more challenges than others. The have to endure the pain of not having family members at home when they need them. Children living in poverty have to cope with the stress of taking care of themselves as well as their siblings at times, while trying to maintain satisfactory grades in school. In this paper I will discuss the effect of poverty on a child’s social development, academic performance, and health conditions. Children who live in poverty have impaired social development throughout their entire life.†¦show more content†¦The children who live in poverty tend to do worse in school than other students. When they are in school and at home they are not concerned about what the teacher is teaching but about where their next meal is co ming from. They do not get the help they need at home because their parents are at work and they have to take care of their siblings. If the child has a learning disability they do not get the proper help or even know about it because they do not have the money to get someone who can teach the child how to perform well with this disability. . They will get placed in a classroom where instead of the teacher teaching them, they call them stupid and don t teach them anything. They also tend to hate the teacher because they are downgrading them.In the movie freedom writers it tells the story of a school who had a class just for underprivileged children. They hated the teacher when she came because they felt like she was just like they other teachers. When they saw that she actually cared they began to listen to what she was teaching. The schools they attend are low funded school. These schools underpaid teachers and make them feel like they don t have to teach to their full potential. They books the children receive are torn, have missing pages, and are so old they have outdated information. The health conditions the child has are very poor. Many people who live in poverty do not have a car and have to ride the bus to get to places. They do notShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Children : The Challenges That Welfare Workers Face1497 Words   |  6 Pages Poverty and children: the challenges that welfare workers face Hope Kriegel Paper Outline 8/7/16 Children in Poverty Approximately 15 million children in the United States are living below the federal poverty threshold. Research shows that families need an income of twice the amount of the federal poverty threshold (NCCP, 2014). Sadly 44% of children live in low-income families here in the United States. Poverty is the greatest threat to children’s well-being (NCCP, 2014). Public PoliciesRead MoreFamilies in Poverty1728 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently I am learning about families in poverty. In the first week of my class I learned that over 15% of the United States population is living in poverty (Bumpus). The United States has one of the highest poverty rates for being a developed country. Poverty can affect a family in so many ways for example financial stress, health problems, behavioral issues, and poor schooling or education. One of my main focuses is the poor schooling and education. I am currently an Elementary Education majorRead MorePoverty Affects Child Development And They Experience More Social Problems Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pagesurban areas is poverty. Children who live in poverty are impacted with many negative effects physically or mentally. Some of these issues related to poverty are substandard housing, inadequate nutrition and food insecurity, inadequate child care, lack of access to health care, unsafe neighborhoods, and unde r resourced schools. Studies show that â€Å"poverty affects child development and they experience more social problems† (Curley). According to the National Center for Children in Poverty, â€Å"nearly one-thirdRead MorePoverty in Our Own Backyard1677 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty in Our Own Backyard Poverty has many faces, it can be the sad face of a little girl that sits next to your child in class who doesn’t have enough money to buy lunch again, the woman with a haunted stare, standing next to you on the elevator who has an overdrawn bank account and the bank is threatening to foreclose, and it could even be the family of five that lives next door that doesn’t have enough money to put supper on the table again tonight. There is the pleading veteran dressed in dirtyRead MorePoor Living Conditions Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesIndia Belton Essay 2 English 1010 July 27, 2013 Professor Long Poor Living Conditions Affects Children While most people live their day to day life, there are some children living in poverty. Living in these types of living conditions can influence the mental health of a child. Children living in poor quality environments can be a lasting effect on their life. Adults are often affected by poor living conditions because of the financial strain on them; not being able to provide for their familiesRead MoreEssay on Poverty in Gwinnett County, Georgia1120 Words   |  5 Pagesonce said, Overcoming poverty is not a task of charity, it is an act of justice. Like Slavery and Apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings. Sometimes it falls on a generation to be great. YOU can be that great generation. Let your greatness blossom† (Make Poverty History, 2005). Gwinnett county is third in the country when it comes to a high poverty rate, with 14% of the population living below poverty (Family Promise ofRead MoreRe search Question. . Through My Research I Have Found That1599 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion Through my research I have found that most suburbs do not have the proper infrastructure to help those in poverty. The amount of pre-existing resource centers is small in number and also spread out sparsely throughout the town unlike within a large city where resource facilities are higher in number and geographically concentrated within the core. In Oakville, low income housing is tucked away, further exacerbating the problem by keeping it hidden within the otherwise wealthy communityRead MoreHow to Overcome Child Poverty with Education Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pageschildren in the United States has the misfortune of living in a family whose income is below the official poverty threshold (Borman and Reimers 454). Poverty has harmful effects on a child’s academic outcomes, general health, development, and school readiness. The impact of poverty has on a child depends on many factors for instance community features ( crime rate in neighborhood and school characteristics) and the individuals present in the child’s life like their parents, neighbors, or relatives. It isRead MoreThe Lives Of Rural Poverty823 Words   |  4 PagesFamilies, especially children, who are living in rural poverty are by the very definition isolated from others. Not only are they isolated physically from their peers and resources they are also isolated from the research community. Their very existence is only recognized by those who happen to have direct contact with them: the few hundred people that live in their town, the 50 students in their school or the family members who reside under one-roof (which often is well above the â€Å"traditional† familyRead MoreWhat is child poverty, its causes and impacts? Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿What is child poverty, its causes and impacts? The word poverty means being poor. This means luck of capital in both income and wealth. However they also suffer from education and good health. Families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty. However people who are in poverty will have fewer opportunities like others and less chance to participate in the community. Therefore we help those children by fundraising, to transform UK’S more vulnerable children. There are certain people

The United States Has Progressed From A Rural, Agricultural

The United States has progressed from a rural, agricultural nation to an urbanized industrial one in just the last two centuries. Through this the transformation of the American lifestyles have changed drastically. Other countries focus on eating well, excercise, and taking enough time to eat and enjoying what they are eating. One lifestyle that many Americans have adapted to is the Western Diet, but today around the world the Western Diet is not viewed as the most nutritious or beneficial diet for humans. The nutritional patterns of high-fat and cholesterol, high protein, high sugar, and excessive salt intake, as well as the excessive consumption of processed fast foods has collectively defined the Western Diet. Even though this type of†¦show more content†¦Type two diabetes is preventable with the right kind of lifestyle, but if it is not prevented the only one to blame is the individual because it is self done. Obesity and type two diabetes are two ilnesses that are done to ones self through the acts of not eating a healthy stable diet and not exercising on a regular basis. If the United States did not promote so much processed foods the american families probably would not be in this epidemic. Unfortunaley, this epidemic is spreading worldwide, it will continue to have this domino effect if individuals are not more aware as to what they are eating. Khanna goes on to explain how when this type of diet is used in different parts of the world such as in Japan there becomes an apparent difference in their health. She notes that there is a decline in their health. She also states that â€Å"in the West, we have far too many additives in our foods, high fructose corn syrup, things we cannot even pronounce in our foods.According to the authors of the Harvard University of Public Health Web Team, Deane Eastwood, Christopher Ternan, and Jacob Yerdon, the Western diet plays one of the largest roles in obesity. Obesity has become a growing epidemic in every age group due to the toxic environments that have prevented many Americans from healthy living. We are constantly surrounded by processed foods, whether it be in schools or work areas, which makes it difficult for individuals toShow MoreRelatedTheu.s. De La Madrid Of Mexico Essay1882 Words   |  8 PagesMuch of the government’s efforts in addressing the challenges were placed on privatizing state industries and moving toward trade liberalization. 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Health care has social, governmental, and financial implications that affect all members of the health care system and in countries within the Central American region specially, citizens have fallen victim to health disparities that have resulted from long-term neglect of the underlying factors that perpetuate this issue. It is imperative for children to develop with healthy

Software Process Free Essays

LARGE SCALE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 1. What are the fundamental activities that are common to all software processes? a. Specification – defining what the system should do; b. We will write a custom essay sample on Software Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Design and implementation – defining the organization of the system and implementing the system; c. Validation – checking that it does what the customer wants; d. Evolution – changing the system in response to changing customer needs. 2. List the 3 generic process models that are used in software engineering? ? Plan-driven model. Separate and distinct phases of specification and development. Specification, development and validation are interleaved. May be plan-driven or agile. ? The system is assembled from existing components. May be plan-driven or agile. 3. Why are iterations usually limited when the waterfall model is used? accommodating change after the process is underway. In principle, a phase has to be complete before moving onto the next phase. 4. What are the three benefits of incremental development, compared to the waterfall model? ? The amount of analysis and documentation that has to be redone is much less than is required with the waterfall model. Customers can comment on demonstrations of the software and see how much has been implemented. ? Customers are able to use and gain value from the software earlier than is possible with a waterfall process. 5. What are the development stages in reuse-based development? ? Component analysis; ? Requirements modification; ? System design with reuse; ? Development and integration. 6. What are the principal requirements engineering activities? ? Feasibility study †¢ Is it technically and financially feasible to build the system? Requirements elicitation and analysis †¢ What do the system stakeholders require or expect from the system? ? Requirements specification †¢ Defining the requirements in detail ? Requirements validation †¢ Checking the validity of the requirements 7. Why is it increasingly irrelevant to distinguish between software development and evolution? – Although there has been a demarcation between development and evolution (maintenance) this is increasingly irrelevant as fewer and fewer systems are completely new. . What are the advantages of using incremental development and delivery? 9. What are the 4 sectors in each loop in Boehm’s spiral model? Objective setting ? Specific objectives for the phase are identified. ? Risks are assessed and activities put in place to reduce the key risks. ? A development model for the system is chosen which can be any of the generic models. ? The project is reviewed and the next phase of the spiral is planned. 10. What are the six fundamental best practices in the RUP? Plan increments based on customer priorities and deliver highest priority increments first. ? Explicitly document customer requirements and keep track of changes to these requirements. ? Organize the system architecture as a set of reusable components. ? Use graphical UML models to present static and dynamic views of the software. ? Ensure that the software meet’s organizational quality standards. Manage soft ware changes using a change management system and configuration management tools. How to cite Software Process, Essays

Rhetorical Analysis of Schlossers Articles

Eric Schlosser, a well-known social critic devoted his three articles, namely â€Å"The Most Dangerous Job†, â€Å"what’s in the Meat† and â€Å"What We Eat† to the issues of the rapid growth of the fast food industry and its impact upon the American national mentality and life style. Using statistic data as weighty arguments for supporting his ideas and language means for appealing to the readers’ feelings, Schlosser presents the development of fast food industry as an important economical and sociological phenomenon.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of Schlosser’s Articles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Exploring the impact of the fast food industry upon not only American economy, but also the national eating habits and even way of thinking, a social critic Eric Schlosser uses valuable statistic data as weighty arguments for supporting his ideas. Di scussing the economical impact of the growth of the fast food industry, Schlosser compares the amount of money Americans spend on this type of goods every year. â€Å"In 1970, Americans spent $ 6 billion on fast food; in 2001, they spent more than $ 110 billion† (Schlosser, What We Eat 491). Discussing the fast food meal as an integral element of American life style, the author notes that most people buy and eat fast food meals without paying much attention to the quality of these products and the way through which they get to the stores, restaurants and their dinner tables. Initiating the readers into the secrets of the fast food industry, Schlosser shows the reverse side of McDonaldization of America for the economy of the country. â€Å"Workers- about half of them women, almost all of them young and Latino – slice meat with long slender knives† (Schlosser, The Most Dangerous Job 170). Discussing the hazards of this hard and dangerous job that is acceptable fo r illegal immigrants only, the author points at the real cost of a hamburger and a hot dog. According to Schlosser, â€Å"every year about one out of three meatpacking workers in the country – roughly forty-three thousand men and women – suffer an injury or a work-related illness that requires medical attention beyond first aid† (The Most Dangerous Job 172). Moreover, the author claims that there are thousands of cases which remain unregistered. Another important aspect on which Schlosser sheds light is the risk of food contamination. The author draws the readers’ attention to the risks of eating the fast food product. â€Å"Every day in the United States, roughly 200, 000 people are sickened by a foodborne disease, 900 are hospitalized, and fourteen die† (Schlosser, What’s in the Meat 195).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Providing dat a on the amount of bacteria and bugs which can be found in products due to the violation of the meatpacking norms, the author raises the question on the quality of fast food meals and the related hazards for the people’s health. As it can be seen from the above-mentioned examples, the statistic data make Schlosser’s argumentation much more persuasive. Along with statistical data, Schlosser uses expressive language means and images for appealing to the readers’ feelings and emotions. For example, describing the daily job of an average meatpacking worker, the author goes into details for describing not only hazards of being injured and all the difficulties of routine and monotonous work, but also the disgust at working with the animals’ flesh. â€Å"For eight and a half hours, a worker called a ‘sticker’ does nothing but stand in a river of blood, being drenched in blood † (Schlosser, The Most Dangerous Job 171). The pictures of the bloo d floor, knives and meat affect the readers’ perception of the process and make them sympathize with the employees of the fast food industry and the killed animals. Not going to the extremes of the vegetarian ideas, the author explores the rate of the mass production by providing data on the amount of the killed cattle. Admitting that about 400 cattle are killed every hour at some plants, Schlosser creates an impressive picture of mass killing. Not going too far with explaining the economical and legal implications of the fast food industry rapid growth and the related risks and violations, the social critic chooses examples which are understandable for the wide audience. Schlosser appeals to the feelings of an average American citizen who is expected to reconsider his/her views on the fast food products after learning some details on the way these goods are produced and distributed. Shedding light upon the technical and legal aspects of the fast food industry which have been previously underestimated by most readers, Schlosser appeals to their feelings and affects their perception and attitude towards the fast food industry as an economical and sociological phenomenon. As a sociological critic and researcher, Schlosser obtains a broad view on the phenomenon of the growing fast food industry and its impact upon various dimensions of the community life. In his articles, the author does not limit his perspective to merely economical aspects of the issue, but considers the globalization and the corresponding shifts in the American mentality and public consciousness. In other words, Schlosser views fast food as an important industry and a significant concept affecting the American way of viewing the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of Schlosser’s Articles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Schlosser, the level at which the fast food industry a ffects people’s consciousness is impressive. â€Å"A survey of American schoolchildren found that 96 percent could identify Ronald McDonald† (Schlosser, What We Eat 492). Second only to Santa Claus, Ronald McDonald has become a recognizable national symbol creating personal associations in millions of children and adults. Using the terms such as globalization and McDonaldization, the researcher demonstrates how deep the roots of these processes are. Discussing the ability of the fast food manufacturers to influence the government decisions in controlling the food quality, Schlosser shows their political power. â€Å"The meatpacking industry blocked the use of microbial testing in the federal meat inspection program† (Schlosser, What’s in the Meat 204). Thus, taking into account the role of fast food industry in the national economy and even policy making, it can be stated that in particular cases not the federal programs controlled the quality of the fast food production, but the fast food industry affected the policy making process and the regulations which could have impact upon the effectiveness of their procedures. Trying to influence the readers’ perception of fast food, the author views fast food from a sociological perspective and discusses the shifts in the public consciousness as the result of the rapid growth of the industry. Shedding light upon the variety of implications, which the growth of industry can play in forming the nation’s food preferences, cultural values and even life views, Schlosser goes beyond the accustomed pattern for discussing fast food industry as not only economical but also sociological phenomenon. In general, it can be stated that the style of Schlosser’s articles along with the statistic data and language means makes these works more persuasive and allows the author to affect the public perception of the fast food industry as an important sociological phenomenon. Works Cited S chlosser, Eric. â€Å"The Most Dangerous Job†. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Ed. Schlosser, Eric. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schlosser, Eric. â€Å"What We Eat†. Open Questions: Reading for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Anderson, Chris, Runciman Alexander and Lex Runciman. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. Print. Schlosser, Eric. â€Å"What’s in the Meat†. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Ed. Schlosser, Eric. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001. Print. This essay on Rhetorical Analysis of Schlosser’s Articles was written and submitted by user Sherlyn Mejia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

British Airways Story

British Airways Story Background British Airways (BA), which is a multinational firm and holds a key position in the flight services industry has been thriving with the success of the organizational change process. There has been a continuous effort by BA administration to establish change within the organizational system (Cawsey et al., 2011, pp.17). The challenges are there, but BA leaders have stood firm to retreat these challenges as time has projected it to do so. This paper is going to produce a report on British Airways’ change process.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on British Airways Story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More British Airways on Organizational Change According to the theoretical perspective, a cultural change is a transformational process. It is a process, which travels along with one organizational stage of experience to the next organizational state of knowledge (Myers et al., 2012). Organizations, which h ave gone through experiences, are successful to apply the concept of cultural change (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007). Hence, time (experience) itself is a replication of cultural change within organizations and their systems. According to Burke Litwin Model (1992), change is possible when the leadership is committed and highly skilled. It is possible when leadership have will, clear vision, and method to roll the change within the organization system (Falletta, 2008). High levels skills are required for leadership in projects, which involve revolutionary instead of evolutionary interventions to be made. No organization can accept change in a sudden manner as none of the organizational components can take sudden impositions. Hence, time and leadership are both critical factors to adjust for a change within the organizational system (Cameron, 2004). British Airways a leading multinational firm in the flight service industry that has gone through different phases of change and experiences. The organization has shown its strong presence in the market over last five decades or more (Bowhill, 2008, pp.324). There have been certain ups and downs, which BA has faced throughout its corporate history. Cultural change is a part of the BA’s system, which has been achieved through continuous struggles and efforts from its leadership (Bowhill, 2008). As literature projects, it was 1980 when British Airways recognized the need of change at the organizational level. It was the time when BA was facing serious business challenges and aimed to bring a complete change in order to stabilize its position in the competitive industry. These challenges were persistent and directly related to the continuity of the company (Burke, 2010, pp. 238-240).  There were many problems of rising fuel prices, high competition, low financial performance, low efficiency, and low profit projections, which actually turned down the airline’s business in the 1980s.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This demanded a cultural change within British Airways’ system as it had an organizational culture that derailed the company’s performance, and it was this culture which bottlenecked new modifications (privatization) of the system. Hence, as old trends and culture hindered the performance of British Airways, the leadership started to rethink and redo things in the same period (Burke, 2010). This was the starting stage of the cultural change as the leadership became much concerned about the problem, and was highly engaged to revamp the BA system. From the theorists’ perspective, it has been noted that organizations start to change when there is a rethinking or reconsideration process going on. It starts off with the leadership as it is the leadership that takes the stand and has the authority to make powerful decisions (decisions of ch ange). The same was realized in the BA during 1980s, when the leadership was highly committed and well intended to adjust the organizational level of change â€Å"the cultural change†. This was the origin of cultural change within the BA system as there was a seed for change planted and actuated in the 1980s to make the organization change instinctive and progressive (Burke, 2010).  According to modern contemplations, rethinking itself is a sign of change within the organization system (Kotter, 1996). When enterprises start to realize their weaknesses and recognize their problems by themselves, it is this time that organizations begin with the change journey. This is the time when the organization expects change as it is in the profound stage of rethinking (Kotter, 1996). This rethinking stage is when the change process begins. Applying it to British Airways’ context, the rethinking process began in 1980 when the organization was in the cover of problems, and recogn ized that it should dissolve its old trends that had derailed the organization’s performance. The culture of relying on the governmental financial support, the centralized decision making, the military mentalities, and the rigid culture of organizational politics introduced the first state of BA change â€Å"the rethinking process†. This is how the culture change propelled within BA when the leadership started to contemplate and repent on their past mistakes (Burke, 2010).  It was the state of rethinking which actually extended the vision of BA leadership, and they started to put impressions on other business segments. According to Schein (2004), there are two things that are essential in the culture change process.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on British Airways Story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first is the management of the organizational anxiety â€Å"human behaviours† and second the assessment of organizational potential to change. In 1980, BA leaders identified the organizational potential in the human element (Burke, 2010). They recognized that if humans are changed-improved, it could precisely change the overall system of the organization. This was firstly understood by BA leaders, and they kept the method of human behaviours management at the highest decision level. This was a part of the rethinking process as it was this process that identified people as potentials for BA leaders, which further led the management of the human activity in the organization (Burke, 2010). They tried their best to change mentalities and perceptions of people at both internal (employees) and external (customers) levels of the organization. This was how Marshall, CEO of BA, improvised the cultural change within the organizational system. He first sorted out intact segments in the system to initiate the process as they were easy and more flexible to accept the change p ractice (Bowhill, 2008). Engineering and Maintenance was the first segment which Marshall tried to adjust. It was the segment that was intact and remained highly influenced by the centralized system of leadership. Marshall thought that by changing people in the engineering wing would surely bring improvements in other sections like marketing or planning (Burke, 2010). So, it was this human behaviours management practice, which was the second salient feature of the BA’s culture change practice during 1980s (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007).  The policy of â€Å"putting people first† was another example of efficient human resource management by British Airways. This policy was another feature that administrated employees and prepared them to display the highest level of performance (Burke, 2010). It was the time of cultural change (1981-1990), when British Airways started to let go of the military mentality, which never wanted to see employees grow and flourish. The concepts of dedicated customer service and managing employees’ efficiently were implemented in the same period. These steps were taken to promote the notion of â€Å"putting people first†, and also to influence human behaviours at the highest level of consideration (Cameron, 2004). It was a stage wise approach adopted by the BA administrators to bring a cultural change within the system. It took time, but things got on well when BA stood on the change practice apprehensively (Cameron, 2004).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the striving period, BA was identified with problems in the leadership side. The military mentally in leadership and rules based on power and authority traditionalized the organization system. The employees and the managerial staff all were influenced from the centralized style of leadership in BA (Burke, 2010). This required a cultural change as from top to bottom all organization segments were under the impression, and required a revolutionary upstanding of the enterprise. Actually, those were the customs that brought the whole system under the influence. Before change employees had to confront rigid decisions from the leadership as the management was highly politicized, and it concentration was more on the authority, which actually divided the whole system of BA. The administration after 1980s rethinking stage signified its presence within the organization (Kotter, 1996). It recognized that once the old trends are wiped out then the organization will inevitably stabilize its p osition. The leaders started to focus on the cultural change first, and brought in parallel decisions to change existing customs. The mentality of just flying off planes and treating customers as luggage also hindered the new leadership style. It was the conservative mentality that actually stopped employees, workers, and managers to perform. This was the main hindrance that the new leadership faced in all functioning areas of British Airways (Bowhill, 2008). All areas of BA including maintenance, engineering, management, planning or operations were affected by rigid behaviours, culture, and norms imposed by previous military style of leadership. There was less motivation among employees which was recognized by the new leadership in the declining period of BA (1979). All of these were leading issues when the second leadership took charge in 1980s (Burke, 2010).  Among other humanly issues new leadership at BA also confronted coordination issues. There were relatively weak relation ships between bosses and subordinates, which affected the overall teamwork within the organization system. According to Schneider’s Study, the boss-subordinate relationship is particularly important for organizations. This relationship develops an interactive chain of command which is significantly among for building team work at the work place (Burke, 2010). The MPF program within BA change period was one resemblance of Schneider’s study as it endorsed the coordination feature among the managerial staff (Burke, 2010). The program developed trust between managers and employees, which further on eliminated organization politics within the BA system. It provided open chance to BA subordinates to learn from their managers and also an opportunity for managers to team up with their subordinates (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007). The MPF program took a time to adjust, but once team leadership got established things eventually came out positive for British Airways (Hellriegel Slocu m, 2007). In the striving change period, BA was brought with a couple of financial modifications (Burke, 2010). During the change period administrators reformed the financial and accounting system. They updated the activity by assuring annual reporting systems. This was to transform the slow reporting structure into quick annual reporting system. The accounting managers were told to release annual financial reports, which was for the clarity of stakeholders and investors’ bench. The financial reform took periods to get transformed, and it was one of the stagnant issues which leaders addressed at the time of change (Cameron, 2004). The struggle was continuous and took a lot of time to adjust change within the BA system, in which functional reform was part of the process (Burke, 2010). Change A Systematic Process According to the theorists’ perception, change is no way possible unless it emerges as a stage wise process. Organizations in the global scenario never change as quickly as they require time to adjust to the transformational process. This is a systematic process that alters all components of the organization over a long period of time. For this reason, theorists propose a three way model of the organizational change, which includes structural change, cultural change, and then human change (Porter et al., 1975). When organizations pass on with this three stage model they have a probable chance to achieve the organizational level of change. The first stage in this process is the structural change, which is achieved by making new quality reforms. Talking about British Airways, which was first a state owned firm failed to drive the structural change process. There was a lack of commitment, which brought a lack of deliverance in the organization system (Porter et al., 1975). Actually, the organization was not structurally prepared to satisfy its customers and even employees of BA. Hence, the first proposed stage to launch the change is the str uctural change, which is done by adjusting quality reforms instead of minute rigid reforms as sought in BA before the change (Burke, 2010). The quality reforms include powerful vision, high performance standards, deliverable constituencies, and sound communication systems, which further lead the change in other parts of the organization (Kotter, 1996).  The second level of change is the cultural change. Organizations that ignore the cultural change make a big mistake as this is the kind of change required to transform the whole system. There are different components of the organization including leadership, managers, and employees, which are part of the organizational culture (Cameron, 2004). It is culture that influences all components of the system. BA, which was at the fringe of conservativeness before 1980s, was unfortunate to revive its culture. There were trends of high complacency, disrupted direction, low motivation, and less determination that kept the organization at low performance levels (Burke, 2010). Cultural change is the second key feature of the organizational change. No organizations can transform unless and until they allow cultural reforms and modifications. Trends formed by cultures and cultures are manipulators for the organizational functions. To change functions it is necessary that cultures are tainted, and this is what directly fits in the case of BA an organization which has significantly strived to change its cultural policy. The last and third most important feature of change is the ‘peoples’ change’. The main reason for 1980s BA crises was its conservative style of leadership (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007). There was authoritarian rule, which lagged the performance of BA. The change needed efficient and effective human resource management, which mobilizes people from top to bottom in the organization. When people are managed and well engaged, there are high chances that the organization’s performance exce ls. This is the most decisive area and requires a persistent consideration from the organization’s administration (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007). According to John Kotter (The author of the book Leading Change), there are three main reasons of why enterprises fail to transform (Kotter, 1996). One of the reasons is the lack of vision by the leadership, which allows inspiring functions and actions necessary for change. The same was sought by the leaders at British Airways, which faced a lack of vision and determination by the leadership. Employees’ performance was low just because they could not find any moral support or boost from the leadership. There were low opportunities to grow because the vision of leadership was limited and not open to recognize and extract employee skill and talent (Kotter, 1996). Similarly, due to lack of vision (1970) BA confronted low synergy and fewer competencies at the operational level. John Kotter has also related lack of vision to low empl oyee engagement. Kotter in his book described that when the leadership has a lack of skill (vision), there are more chances of high complacency, which negatively affects the organizational system (Kotter, 1996). At British Airways, it has been seen that leaders remained reactive instead of being proactive, which raised complacency among its employees in the period of 1980s. Due to high complacency employees were not satisfied and enthusiastic to grow or perform. The carelessness in the attitude stained employees’ behaviour, their performance level, and also their commitment towards the BA system. For such reason, BA crew was just on flying airplanes on time and getting them to destinations on time and not more than that. This attitude was a major hindrance for the BA change, and also was against Kotter’s method of leading the change (Kotter, 1996). Humans’ Management-Importance for Change At the time of change, British Airways came up with a three way model appr oach. The model was based on managing human element of the organizational structure, and it was based on the philosophy of â€Å"managing people first† (MPF). Nick Georgiades (formal head of the human resources department) came up with a three leg stool approach to imply the philosophy of MPF (Burke, 2010). He proposed that if three legs of the stool are managed then the human element becomes the source of achieving the change (Cameron, 2004). Here is the discussion of three legs stool model proposed by former BA officer Nick Georgiades: Leg 1 The leg 1 of the approach dealt with strong communication in BA. It was the first basic component that was required in BA to adjust the organizational level of change. Georgiades proposed that when managers are without paranoia, and they have full confidence in their subordinates and teammates, change is possible. He further recommended that removing the gap between BA managers and employees will open up ways for change. Leg 1 implement ed the concept of managing people at earlier stage (Burke, 2010). Based on this model, BA projected employee-manager interaction as a necessity for integration in the organization system. Direct employee reporting and performance based appraisals were also implemented as part of the first leg of Georgiades’s stool. This was the starting phase when the human factor started to receive high value and encouragement, and it was an early sign of change within the enterprise (Cameron, 2004). Leg 2 Leg 2 dealt with the performance appraisal process. Nick Georgiades wanted to see his employees growing, and he identified performance appraisal to be one of the methods for increasing performance. Previously (before times of change), there were also performance appraisal programs in BA, but not aimed at raising employees motivation. By implementing leg 2, the performance appraisal systems got modified in the BA. The appraisals were made on two bases including evaluation of results generat ed by managers and methods used for achieving those results (Burke, 2010). This allowed evaluation of performance in a precise, effective and detailed manner, which eventually became a route to the BA’s change. Such modified performance appraisal systems introduced by Nick Georgiades became drivers to organizational change, and the system started to progress later on after Nick Georgiades left up (Kotter, 1996). Leg 3 With this leg, the model of Nick Georgiades was completed which fulfilled requirements of the BA’s organizational level of change. Leg 3 was all about compensations; it dealt with rewards according to the ranks attained by managers. In the organizational practice, it has been seen that when employees get justified rewards, they are more determined and motivated towards work (Burke, 2010). It is the organization’s successful compensation system that allows satisfactory employee rewards. This leg permitted clean rewards in BA to raise employeesâ€⠄¢ satisfaction and motivation (Kotter, 1996).  The three leg stool model was completed in BA, which was implemented by Nick Georgiades to raise the performance of employees. The model replicated the concept of managing people in BA, and also promoted consideration of the human factor at the highest organization level (Burke, 2010). The three leg stool was therefore, about human resource management, a route to embody the organizational level of change. This was a deliberate effort made by the former officer Nick Georgiades. The credit goes out to him as he recognized humans to be major carriers of change. He recognized that if complete change is opted then it is necessary that organizations should start with its employees. It is the same concept that Georgiades identified in the three leg stool model, which later on became a door for the organizational change in BA. Nick also clarified that if one leg of the stool gets damaged or removed then the entire stool will collapse. Hence , it is necessary that all legs are fixed, managed and adjusted to make way for the cultural change in BA (Burke, 2010).  In all of these projects, the human element played a decisive role in the BA organizational change. By managing humans and adjusting â€Å"MPF† concepts, BA was able to achieve change in a comprehensive manner (Cameron, 2004). The same is true from the theoretical point of view as organizations cannot stand or affirm change without invoking human attributes such as â€Å"determination, passion, and motivation† (Hellriegel Slocum, 2007). These are all human behavioural elements, which play a central role in conducting the organizational change. The same were sought after by few gentlemen in BA, a time when BA revamped, and leaders became prominent figures to manage people of the system. The trend followed and brought concepts of managing people first, which deliberately came out positive for overall BA’s system (Cameron, 2004). List of Refe rences Bowhill, B 2008, Business Planning and Control: Integrating Accounting, Strategy, and People. John Wiley Sons, San Francisco. Burke, W 2010, Organization Change: Theory and Practice, SAGE, Singapore. Cameron, K. 2004, A Process for Changing Organizational Culture. Research Report, Michael Driver, Ann Arbor. Cawsey, T, Deszca, G Ingols, C 2011, Organizational Change: An Action-Oriented Toolkit, SAGE, Singapore. Falletta, S 2008, Organizational Diagnostic Models A Review Synthesis, Leadersphere, Sacramento. Hellriegel, D Slocum, J 2007, Organizational Behaviour, Cengage Learning, Mason. Kotter, J 1996, Leading Change, Harvard Business Press, Boston. Myers, P, Hulks, S Wiggins, L 2012, Organizational Change: Perspectives on Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Porter, L, Lawler, E Hackman, J 1975, Behaviour in organizations, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Silicon Facts (Atomic Number 14 or Si)

Silicon Facts (Atomic Number 14 or Si) Silicon is a metalloid element with atomic number 14 and element symbol Si. In pure form, it is a brittle, hard solid with a blue-gray metallic luster. It is best known for its importance as a semiconductor. Fast Facts: Silicon Element Name: SiliconElement Symbol: SiAtomic Number: 14Appearance: Crystalline metallic solidGroup: Group 14 (Carbon Group)Period: Period 3Category: MetalloidDiscovery: Jà ¶ns Jacob Berzelius (1823) Silicon  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 14 Symbol: Si Atomic Weight: 28.0855 Discovery: Jons Jacob Berzelius 1824 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ne]3s23p2 Word Origin: Latin: silicis, silex: flint Properties: The melting point of silicon is 1410 °C, boiling point is 2355 °C, specific gravity is 2.33 (25 °C), with a valence of 4. Crystalline silicon has a metallic grayish color. Silicon is relatively inert, but it is attacked by dilute alkali and by halogens. Silicon transmits over 95% of all infrared wavelengths (1.3-6.7 mm). Uses: Silicon is one of the most widely used elements. Silicon is important to plant and animal life. Diatoms extract silica from water to build their cell walls. Silica is found in plant ashes and in the human skeleton. Silicon is an important ingredient in steel. Silicon carbide is an important abrasive and is used in lasers to produce coherent light at 456.0 nm. Silicon doped with gallium, arsenic, boron, etc. is used to produce transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other important solid-state electronic devices. Silicone is a class of useful compounds made from silicon. Silicones range from liquids to hard solids and have many useful properties, including use as adhesives, sealants, and insulators. Sand and clay are used to make building materials. Silica is used to make glass, which has many useful mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties. Sources: Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earths crust, by weight, making it the second most abundant element (exceeded by oxygen). Silicon is found in the sun and stars. It is a principal component of the class of meteorites known as aerolites. Silicon is also a component of tektites, a natural glass of uncertain origin. Silicon is not found free in nature. It commonly occurs as the oxide and silicates, including sand, quartz, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper, opal, and citrine. Silicate minerals include granite, hornblende, feldspar, mica, clay, and asbestos. Preparation: Silicon may be prepared by heating silica and carbon in an electric furnace, using carbon electrodes. Amorphous silicon may be prepared as a brown powder, which can then be melted or vaporized. The Czochralski process is used to produce single crystals of silicon for solid-state and semiconductor devices. Hyperpure silicon may be prepared by a vacuum float zone process and by thermal decompositions of ultra-pure trichlorosilane in an atmosphere of hydrogen. Element Classification: Semimetallic Isotopes: There are known isotopes of silicon ranging from Si-22 to Si-44. There are three stable isotopes: Al-28, Al-29, Al-30. Silicon Physical Data Density (g/cc): 2.33Melting Point (K): 1683Boiling Point (K): 2628Appearance: Amorphous form is brown powder; crystalline form has a grayAtomic Radius (pm): 132Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 12.1Covalent Radius (pm): 111Ionic Radius: 42 (4e) 271 (-4e)Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.703Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 50.6Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 383Debye Temperature (K): 625.00Pauling Negativity Number: 1.90First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 786.0Oxidation States: 4, -4Lattice Structure: DiagonalLattice Constant (Ã…): 5.430CAS Registry Number: 7440-21-3 Pure silicon has a shiny, metallic luster. Martin Konopka / EyeEm, Getty Images Silicon Trivia Silicon is the eighth most abundant element in the universe.Silicon crystals for electronics must have a purity of one billion atoms for every non-silicon atom (99.9999999% pure).The most common form of silicon in the Earths crust is silicon dioxide in the form of sand or quartz.Silicon, like water, expands as it changes from liquid to solid.Silicon oxide crystals in the form of quartz are piezoelectric. The resonance frequency of quartz is used in many precision timepieces. Sources Cutter, Elizabeth G. (1978). Plant Anatomy. Part 1 Cells and Tissues (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-2639-6.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Voronkov, M. G. (2007). Silicon era. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Zulehner, Werner; Neuer, Bernd; Rau, Gerhard, Silicon, Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_721

Marketing Plan Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Plan Master - Case Study Example The electric motors based drive is suitable for low speed driving and hence is suitable for city roads while the petrol based drive is suitable for high speed rides on highways. The combustion engines charge the batteries during the ride and hence external charging is not required. Hybrid cars have been accepted by the customers because of the option of petrol based engine within the car although the cost is substantially high. However, fully electric cars (also called econocars) have not yet picked up markets because they cannot be driven at high speeds and the infrastructure supporting charging outlets is still not adequate. However, its market is expected to pickup substantially in light of latest technology innovations, tax savings, environment awareness programmes, and subsidization by government. This paper presents a marketing plan for econocar pertaining to the case study of Tomoco taking into account impacting factors like changing global dynamics in econocars, technology innovations, distribution networks, support networks (like charging outlets), grid capacity & availability, government support (subsidiaries, tax exemptions, value added services, local environmental laws, etc) and above all, change in user perceptions. The offer by Sandeep qualifies as social engineering attack on the employee of another organization to acquire confidential & commercially sensitive information of that organization which may be including their intellectual property rights (IPR). First & Foremost, this is an unethical gesture and hence no organization in this world should indulge into such activities. Secondly, if the organization (Ishimuru in this case study) files a lawsuit against the company indulging into the social engineering activity (Tomoco in this case study) as per the clauses against breach of confidentiality/trade secrets/Intellectual Property Rights as applicable in the legal system of the country, the global reputation of Tomoco would be at a serious stake whereby damages can be irreparable. Every country has own rules & regulations for protection of business secret information, trade secrets, commercially sensitive information & intellectual property rights of the companies operating within the political territory of the nation. Such information can only be disclosed against non-disclosure agreements (within the business contracts or else signed separately) that are enforceable within the jurisdiction where the agreements are being executed. Such agreements are not only signed with the suppliers or third parties but are also signed internally within the organization as a part of employment agreements with every employee and the articles of memorandum for the management & the board members. By invoking a social engineering attack on the employee of an organization to provoke him/her to divulge secrets, the

Neville Chamberlain on Appeasement (1939) by Chamberlain and The Essay

Neville Chamberlain on Appeasement (1939) by Chamberlain and The Munich Agreement A Total and Unmitigated Defeat by Churchill - Essay Example Neville Chamberlain on Appeasement (1939) by Chamberlain and the Munich Agreement â€Å"A Total and Unmitigated Defeat† by Sir Winston Churchill Appeasement is a diplomatic strategy that consists of pleasing the aggressor in order to avoid armed resistance. The most well-known example of appeasement is the the Munich Agreement that took place between Conservative British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler in 1938. In September 1938, Neville Chamberlain, met Adolf Hitler at his home in Berchtesgaden. Hitler informed Chamberlain about his his intension to invade Czechoslovakia unless Britain supported Germany’s plans to takeover the Sudetenland . After discussing the issue with the French Prime minister Edouard Daladier and Czechoslovakia's head of state Eduard Benes, Chamberlain informed Hitler that his proposals could not be acceptable. Chamberlain refusal put Adolf Hitler in a difficult situation but he exploited both Britain and France by their will a gainst war and on the suggestion of Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, he planed to held a four-power conference of Germany, Britain, France and Italy excluding both Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. The meeting took place in Munich on 29th September, 1938 and Chamberlain and Edouard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement. The agreement gave the right of accession of Sudetenland to Germany without Czechoslovakia’s will. In return, Hitler promised not to make any further territorial demands in Europe (Gado, para.1-3).

Techniques Bronte Uses to Evoke Sympathy from the Reader in Jane Eyre E

Techniques Bronte Uses to Evoke Sympathy from the Reader in Jane Eyre The essay looks at ways and especially the people that evoke sympathy for the reader in Jane Eyre’s younger life. Bronte uses many ways to provoke the reader’s empathy and compassion. People and techniques used to do this, are shown in the following. Sympathy is evoked in the reader through Mrs Reed. Although we are given no details on Jane’s childhood before she comes into Mrs Reeds care, we may presume it was a happy one. The contrast is shown when Mrs Reed kept and held Jane separately from her own children. Jane knows that â€Å"She (Mrs Reed) regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance†. Also â€Å"She must exclude me from privileges intended only for contented, happy little children†. Jane is trying to empathise with Mrs Reed and understands that she does not belong with the family, and therefore feels lost and unhappy. Many adults in the novel dislike Jane because she is an outspoken individual. She is a non-conformist and goes against the grain of the typical female child of her time. She was told to do as she was told and not to think for herself. Today she would be more accepted by having her own views. She is told that â€Å"There is something truly forbidding in a child taking her elders in that manner, be seated and until you can speak pleasantly remain silent. Jane hides and reads behind some curtains to escape what she perceives as her captors. Her favourite book is Bewicks History of British Birds. She dreams she is visiting islands and far off shores as she travels the globe. The reader can almost visualise her journey and also longs for her freedom. As she reads it is noted that outside the weather is dull... ...l to cut her beautiful locks off, she remonstrates and passes a hanker chief over her lips as though she is trying to hide or brush away her feelings of the stupid accusations. Jane is humiliated in front of the whole school because of Mr.Brocklehurst for false accusations. Mrs.Temple later announces to the school and reassures Jane and everyone that she is a good girl and that what Brocklehurst said was not true, the reader feels vindicated for Jane. Bronte describes her characters knowingly and with insight. The reader is drawn into the sad unjust world of an orphan, especially the female orphan in Victorian England. I feel that Jane is a determined young woman someone who I would like to become friends with, not because we would have much in common but that her life philosophies are wise and she is the product of a well experienced short life time.

Inner city redevelopment and regeneration – London’s Dockland case study

* During nineteenth century, London was the busiest port of the world. But due to changes such as better technology, they became abandoned and derelict. * Larger ships could not reach the port and containerization did away with the need of large number of dockers. * By that time the area had very few jobs, the docks had closed and over half of the land was derelict, many of the houses needed urgent repair, transport was poor and there was a lack of basic services, leisure amenities and open space. * The London Dockland's Development Corporation (LDDC) tried to improve the economic, social and environmental conditions of the area. Changes ; Physical: derelict land reclaimed, trees planted, open space created and conservation areas created. ; Economic: improved transport systems means faster journey. Improvements in roads. Employment and businesses increased e.g. The Guardian and Daily Telegraph. High tech firms came due to the low rates of the enterprise zone. These were followed by firms wishing to relocate in new office blocks. ; Social: more than 20 000 homes created. Former docks converted into luxury flats. Large, modern shopping complexes built. Other activities such as marina for water sports and indoor sports centre built. Several areas cleared and converted into parks and area of open space. Almost 100 million pounds has also been spent of health, education, training and community programmes. Reasons for success You can read also Costco Case Study * Extremely high prices of land for new offices and residential development. * The potential of leisure activities and scenic views along the riverside. * Funding of some of the infrastructure by the government. * Initiatives taken by entrepreneurs like John Mowlem, whose company built the London City Airport. * The development of the Dockland Light Railway. * The setting up of the Isle of Dogs Enterprise zone to attract industry. * The development of the airport bringing easy journeys. Groups involved in this * Local housing societies helped by gaining home improving grants. * The local Newham council built affordable houses and improved local services. * The LDDC were responsible for planning and redeveloping dockland. * The national government created enterprise zone with its reduced rate. It encouraged private investment and improved transport systems. * Property developers were responsible for building large office blocks and converting derelict warehouses into luxury flats. * Conservation groups supported tree planting and other schemes. Opinions ? School leaver: happy because there are more new jobs available. ? Local shopkeepers: happy because they will have wealthier customers. ? Local retired people: bad, because the prices in the area rise sharply. ? Former docker: bad because no appropriate manual jobs created. ? Social worker: bad because local community is broken by newcomers. ? Elderly: bad because there is no sufficient services such as hospitals. ? Local people: bad, they wanted jobs and affordable houses. ? People living in Birmingham: happy as their houses were improved along with new facilities provided with them. Nupur Jain 5F Geography case study

Iiuu - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8105 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/14 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Futenma (Japan) negative *****ALL PURPOSE LINK BOOSTER*****2 Link booster3 *****AT: ALLIANCE COLLAPSE *****4 1NC FRONTLINE – NO ALLIANCE COLLAPSE5-6 No Alliance Collapse – 2NC/1NR Ext #1/2 : China Threat7 No Alliance Collapse – Ext: Threats8 No Alliance Collapse – AT: Disagreements9 No Alliance Collapse – AT: Disagreements (Nye)10 *****AT:JAPANESE NUCLEAR PROLIF****11 No Prolif12-13 *****AT: DPJ*****14 Economic Reforms Fail15-18 *****AT: DUGONG*****19 Species Defense20 *****DISADVANTAGE LINKS*****21 Heg DA Links22 *****COUNTERPLANS*****23 Public Diplomacy CP24 Consult Japan25 *****ALL PURPOSE LINK BOOSTER***** Link booster Closing Futemna and stopping new base construction would catalyze anti-US military movements in Okinawa, leading to total US withdrawal. Feffer 10 (John Feffer 3-6-10 the co-director of Foreign Policy in Focus at the Institute for Policy Studies â€Å"Okinawa and the new domino effect† https://www. atimes. com/atimes/Japan/LC06Dh02. html Wherever the US military puts down its foot overseas, movements have sprung up to protest the military, social, and environmental consequences of its military bases. This anti-base movement has notched some successes, such as the shut-down of a US navy facility in Vieques, Puerto Rico, in 2003. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Iiuu" essay for you Create order In the Pacific, too, the movement has made its mark. On the heels of the eruption of Mt Pinatubo, democracy activists in the Philippines successfully closed down the ash-covered Clark Air Force Base and Subic Bay Naval Station in 1991-1992. Later, South Korean activists managed to win closure of the huge Yongsan facility in downtown Seoul. Of course, these were only partial victories. Washington subsequently negotiated a Visiting Forces Agreement with the Philippines, whereby the US military has redeployed troops and equipment to the island, and replaced Koreas Yongsan base with a new one in nearby Pyeongtaek. But these not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) victories were significant enough to help edge the Pentagon toward the adoption of a military doctrine that emphasizes mobility over position. The US military now relies on strategic flexibility and rapid response both to counter unexpected threats and to deal with allied fickleness. The Hatoyama government may indeed learn to say no to Washington over the Okinawa bases. Evidently considering this a likelihood, former deputy secretary of state and former US ambassador to Japan Richard Armitage has said that the United States had better have a plan B. But the victory for the anti-base movement will still be only partial. US forces will remain in Japan, and especially Okinawa, and Tokyo will undoubtedly continue to pay for their maintenance. Buoyed by even this partial victory, however, NIMBY movements are likely to grow in Japan and across the region, focusing on other Okinawa bases, bases on the Japanese mainland, and elsewhere in the Pacific, including Guam. Indeed, protests are already building in Guam against the projected expansion of Andersen Air Force Base and Naval Base Guam to accommodate those Marines from Okinawa. And this strikes terror in the hearts of Pentagon planners. In World War II, the United States employed an island-hopping strategy to move ever closer to the Japanese mainland. Okinawa was the last island and last major battle of that campaign, and more people died during the fighting there than in the subsequent atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined: 12,000 US troops, more than 100,000 Japanese soldiers, and perhaps 100,000 Okinawan civilians. This historical experience has stiffened the pacifist resolve of Okinawans. The current battle over Okinawa again pits the United States against Japan, again with the Okinawans as victims. But there is a good chance that the Okinawans, like the Navi in that great NIMBY film Avatar, will win this time. A victory in closing Futenma and preventing the construction of a new base might be the first step in a potential reverse island hop. NIMBY movements may someday finally push the US military out of Japan and off Okinawa. Its not likely to be a smooth process, nor is it likely to happen any time soon. But the kanji (a form of Japanese writing) is on the wall. Even if the Yankees dont know what the Japanese characters mean, they can at least tell in which direction the exit arrow is pointing. ****AT: ALLIANCE COLLAPSE ***** 1NC FRONTLINE – NO ALLIANCE COLLAPSE 1. No alliance collapse – Chinese threat will always trump disagreements New Straits Times 09(November 19, https://www. koreatimes. co. kr/www/news/opinon/2010/05/171_55695. html) But political suspicions between Japan and China are a fact of life and, given Japanese apprehension of Chinas intentions as it grows not only economically but also militarily, Tokyo is unlikely to want to weaken its security relationship with Washington. Moreover, the US under the Obama administration is keen to make up for lost time and bolster its influence in East Asia. That being the case, the Japan-US relationship is likely to remain strong for as long as China remains viewed as a potential threat by Japan and other countries in East Asia. 2. Zero chance Japan breaks the alliance or goes nuclear – too many security threats and economic interests Glosserman 09 (Brad executive director of Pacific Forum CSIS, Korea Herald, Novermber 20, 2009, www. ifpa. org/pdf/RealignPriorities. pdf) Ultimately, I dont worry about the future of the U. S. -Japan alliance because Japan doesnt have many viable security alternatives. Northeast Asia is a dangerous neighborhood. Japans economy is reliant on trade and long, exposed sea lanes. While new and nontraditional security challenges are rising in significance, traditional state threats endure. North Korean rhetoric continues to be vitriolic and targets Japan. Relations with China have warmed, but they continue to be fraught. Japanese insecurities are magnified by Chinas rise and its growing confidence. There is a long list of issues that complicate that bilateral relationship and they will not be fixed by a change of government in Tokyo. Of course, Japan like all other countries has to engage China, but trust in China is a precious commodity and it seems to be dwindling. This enduring suspicion is a powerful obstacle to the establishment of a new Japanese foreign policy. It has to be overcome if Asian nations are to build an Asian community. And, as in Europe, it will be overcome. But it will not go away. The U. S. -Japan alliance will provide Tokyo the sense of security that it needs to engage China and build that community. In theory, there is another Japanese option: an independent, self-reliant defense posture, which is usually code for going nuclear. That will not happen. Japanese strategists understand that the nuclear option does not serve their countrys national interest. The public remains allergic to nuclear weapons. Japan would only go nuclear as a last resort, as an act of desperation if the alliance with the U. S. were to dissolve. And Tokyo knows well that going nuclear would end its alliance. Thus, for reasons positive and negative, alliance with the U. S. makes the most sense for Japan. That does not mean that the alliance is perfect as is. It must be modernized and adapted to new realities, within Japan, the U. S. and in the region. That process is underway. It has been and will continue to be messy. But the fundamental interests of Japan and the U. S. remain aligned. The alliance continues to serve both well, as President Obamas recent visit makes clear. It will endure. 3. Public Japanese support for the alliance is strong, preventing collapse Hughes 09 (Christopher Hughes, Prof. , International Politics, U. of Warwick, UK, JAPANS REMILITARIZATION, 2009, 134) Japanese support for the US alliance has grown since the 1980s, with those viewing it as functioning effectively for Japans security rising to a high of 75% by 2006. Public approval of a combination of the JSDF and the USJapan security treaty as the best means to ensure national security has risen, from 40% in the 1970s to close to 80% in 2006. 1NC FRONTLINE – NO ALLIANCE COLLAPSE 4. New agreement and new Japanese leadership solves – the Alliance is back on safe footing Denmark and Kliman 2010 (Abraham M. Denmark is a Fellow at CNAS. Dr. Daniel M. Kliman is a Visiting Fellow at CNAS. â€Å"Cornerstone: A Future Agenda for the U. S. -Japan Alliance† Center for New American Security June) The election of the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) on August 30, 2009 inaugurated a new phase in the U. S. -Japan alliance. After coming to power, the DPJ embarked on a foreign policy emphasizing Japan’s relations with East Asia and calling for a â€Å"more equal† alliance with the United States. Although this rhetoric unnerved some in Washington, what most troubled the alliance was the DPJ’s attempt to fulfill a campaign pledge by renegotiating a 2006 agreement with the United States that called for closing Futenma, a U. S. Marine base in Okinawa, and building a new runway in the waters off Camp Schwab – another U. S. Marine base on the island. The U. S. overnment initially resisted the DPJ’s bid to reopen negotiations over Futenma, arguing that an agreement was already in place and revisions would jeopardize the entire effort to transfer U. S. forces out of Japan to reduce the basing footprint there. 1 Frustration mounted in Washington and Tokyo, and some observers voiced concerns about an alliance adrift. 2 The United States and Japan remained at o dds over Futenma for nine months until a combination of intensive U. S. diplomacy and growing disenchantment in Japan with then Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama’s handling of the alliance finally broke the impasse. The new agreement, issued in May 2010 via a joint statement that reaffirmed the 2006 accord, clearly weakened Hatoyama. With his support in freefall, his governing coalition in revolt, and elections for Japan’s Upper House scheduled in July 2010, Hatoyama resigned shortly thereafter. Although the new agreement will likely face consid- erable resistance from vocal opposition groups in Okinawa, it nonetheless removes a major roadblock to advancing the alliance on other fronts. The agreement on Futenma coupled with Hatoyama’s resignation heralded the end of a tur- bulent period. An alliance agenda once consumed by Futenma is now open to more productive pur- suits. And in newly chosen Prime Minister Naoto Kan, Washington has a new partner in Tokyo who does not carry the baggage of Hatoyama’s approach to Futenma, is more experienced, and, by many accounts, operates more pragmatically than his predecessor. 3 Thus, the 50th anniversary of the alliance’s founding, until recently considered a squandered opportunity, can still serve as a spring- board for adapting the alliance for the political and strategic challenges of the 21st century. No Alliance Collapse – 2NC/1NR Ext #1/2 : China Threat China threat will always outweigh and prevent alliance collapse – that’s 1NC 1 and 2, New Straits Times and Glosserman ’09. Japan isn’t stupid and the perceived threat of China’s military and economic rise and other Asian challengers will overwhelm disagreements between Japan and the US. Multiple key warrants: 1. Obama is keen to keep the alliance strong – he’ll do the work to preserve it 2. Japanese apprehension toward China is a fact of life and won’t go away 3. Japan lacks viable security alternative to the alliance 4. Fundamental security interests will overwhelm any frictions Three reasons to prefer our arguments: 1. Context they take the entire context of the relationship into account 2. Most qualified – Glosserman’s the executive director of the Pacific Forum at the CSIS 3. Consensus the overwhelming majority of experts and government officials agree that fear of China will keep the alliance in place Tisdall 3/8/10 (Simon, assist. Editor and foreign affairs columnist, â€Å"china threat can heal us-japan rift† The Guardian UK, https://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2010/mar/08/china-us-alliance-under-pressure) The Okinawa dispute reflects broader differences. Hatoyamas view that Japan needs a more balanced relationship with Washington after 65 years of polite subservience in the security sphere, and his related interest in developing an EEC-style east Asian economic community including China, have produced sharply critical reactions in Washington. The relationship between the US and Japan is in its worst state ever, said Hisahiko Okazaki, a former ambassador, in the daily newspaper Sankei Shimbun. The Japan-US alliance is too valuable an asset to lose, he wrote. Despite such dramatic huffing and puffing, the bottom-line reality, say senior foreign ministry officials, former and serving ministers, and leading commentators, is there is not the remotest chance that the security alliance will be lost. It may be adapted or modified. It may evolve. And for its part, says former deputy foreign minister Hitoshi Tanaka, Japan needs to think seriously about how it can better contribute to international security and to consider if it is still right to stick to the existing interpretation of the constitutional prohibition on the use of force. But the official consensus is firm that the US relationship will continue to form the cornerstone of Japans defences, as foreign minister Katsuya Okada put it – a position shared by Hatoyama. The main reason behind this confidence that, despite all the stresses and strains, the alliance will endure is not hard to discern: growing mutual fear of China. No Alliance Collapse – Ext: Threats Security needs trump Japanese resentment of the US military presence – the Alliance isn’t breaking Nina Hachigian, (Sr. Vice President, Center for American Progress Former Analyst, RAND Corp. ), THE NEXT AMERICAN CENTURY, 2008, 145. Unlike the others, Japan is hanging on to the U. S. alliance for dear life. The Japanese are no longer worried, as they were in the 1980s, that the U. S. will try to keep them down (though they still resent it). There is a broad consensus in Japan that no strategic option is more attractive or viable than sticking to the U. S. like glue. With a growing China and a nuclear North Korea on their doorstep, Japan needs to keep America close. Disputes won’t hurt the alliance – security threats overwhelm Muthiah Alagappa, (Sr. Fellow, East-West Center), THE LONG SHADOW: NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND SECURITY IN 21ST CENTURY ASIA, 2008, 58. Except for a brief period in the early 1990s, Tokyo has all along viewed the security treaty with the United States as the cornerstone of its security policy. Growing concern about a rising and nationalist China, as well as North Korea, has renewed emphasis on the U. S. -Japan security treaty. Despite Japanese concerns of entrapment and a desire for greater autonomy, the U. S. -Japan security treaty is likely to endure and become more equal. No Alliance Collapse – AT: Disagreements Alliance will never collapse – in spite of disputes, common interests overwhelm Faleomavaega 09 (Eni H. US Rep from Delaware, â€Å"Japan’s Changing Role,† Congressional Hearing, June 25, https://findarticles. com/p/news-articles/political-transcript-wire/mi_8167/is_20090629/del-eni-faleomavaega-holds-hearing/ai_n50893710/pg_4/) In conclusion, its important that the U. S. and Japan, the worlds two largest economies, not turn inward in a time of crisis. Even though domestic polit ical realignment in Japan may cause a period of minor frictions in the traditional security agenda, our common interest is overwhelming and the alliance is likely to prosper unless we handle things very poorly. No Alliance Collapse – AT: Disagreements (Nye) Mutual security interests overwhelm political disputes Nye 09 (Joseph Nye, Harvard JFK School, June 25 2009, DEL. ENI H. FALEOMAVAEGA HOLDS A HEARING ON JAPANS CHANGING ROLE, Political Transcript Wire, June 29, 2009 p lexis) Subsequently, as Bill Emmett has pointed out in his recent book, The Rivals, if you look at the rise of Asia, not just as the rise of China, but also the rise of India, youll find that there is balance within Asia. And the important thing for us is not to contain China or to treat China as an enemy, but to hedge against the possibility that at some time in the future, we would face, what you describe. And, that policy, as Mike Green said, has worked on a bipartisan basis. It has good bipartisan support. And, I think it is the right policy. It gives us the best options for a better future. And, it also is good for Japan. Because Japan, if we have a problem of thinking about the rise of Chinese power, Japan has it immediately, its right next door. And, thats why, I think, the U. S-Japan alliance, despite the frictions that are bound to occur as we see this political change that my colleagues have then described, I think that is not oing to threaten the alliance, because its so strongly in the interest of both Japan and the United States. So, this is why I concluded my testimony by saying, Im relatively optimistic. Not just about the U. S. -Japan alliance, but about the potential for a stable east Asia, if we play our cards right. *****AT:JAPANESE NUCLEAR PROLIF**** No Prolif DPJ won’t nuclearize, even if they rearm Fukuyama 8/25/09(Shingo, secretary general of the Japan Congr ess Against A- and H-Bombs (Gensuikin). Hiromichi Umebayashi is special adviser to Peace Depot, a nonprofit organization. The Japan Times, https://search. japantimes. co. jp/cgi-bin/eo20090825a1. html In fact, there are signs of greater flexibility than these people acknowledge. It is widely predicted that there will be a change of government after the Aug. 30 elections and that the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), currently the largest opposition party, will win. The attitude to NFU by the DPJ and its potential coalition partners is likely to be quite different from the LDP. DPJ secretary general Katsuya Okada has suggested that Japan work with Washington to achieve a NFU policy. In response to a questionnaire sent recently to Japanese political parties by disarmament nongovernment organizations, the DPJ said that NFU was an issue that should be discussed with the U. S. government. The Social Democratic Party, a potential coalition party in a new government, and the Japanese Communist Party also supported an NFU policy. Even New Komeito, which is a member of the current government, supported an NFU policy if there is an international consensus. Opposition to NFU within the LDP is by no means universal. So the picture of monolithic Japanese opposition to NFU, presented by some U. S. commentators, is really quite misleading. As for the argument that Japan will go nuclear if Washington reduces the number and missions of U. S. nuclear forces, this is nonsense. Japanese political leaders are intelligent enough to know that going nuclear would have huge ramifications that would not be in Japans national interest. No political party in Japan supports acquiring nuclear weapons. Sixty-four years after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the anti- nuclear sentiment in Japan remains strong. Over 1,400 local authorities (about 80 percent) have made nuclear-free pledges. These local authorities represent the spirit of nuclear abolition in Japanese society far better than the LDP-led central government. If the Obama administration moves decisively to get rid of the most dangerous legacy of the Cold War. the joy of the vast majority of the Japanese people will overwhelm the reservations of an unrepresentative clique in the Japanese bureaucratic system. So, Mr. Obama, act boldly. Grasp the opportunity that is before you. Japan is ready. No Prolif Japan will never proliferate – would crush their economy, public would backlash, and they’re not stupid Takubo 09(Masa, Independent analyst on nuclear issues living in Japan and operator of the nuclear information Web site Kakujoho, article is based in part on a chapter on Japan’s attitudes toward nuclear disarmament in a forthcoming report by the International Panel on Fissile Materials. November, https://www. armscontrol. org/act/2009_11/Takubo) Furthermore, a Japanese nuclear-weapon program could in fact jeopardize Japan’s security arrangement with the United States and its position in the international community. Former Minister of Defense Shigeru Ishiba, who is known for his knowledge of nuclear and military affairs, recently said about Japan exercising the option to develop nuclear weapons, â€Å"That would naturally mean Japan withdrawing from the NPT. We would not be able to obtain nuclear fuel. With dependency on nuclear power for about 40% of [our] electricity, we would experience a major decline in economic activities. Japan going nuclear would automatically mean the collapse of the NPT regime and there would be nuclear countries all around us. [29] In a book published three years ago, Ishiba said, â€Å"In any case, the voters would not allow such a thing as possession of nuclear weapons. Japan would have to consider these realities before going nuclear, which so-called realists in the United States tend to ignore. Ishiba, a conservative, knows about these realities. If the United States adopts a sole purpose policy, can one really argue that Japan would believe that whatever benefi ts it might gain from going nuclear would outweigh the negative consequences? The DPJ, which won a landslide victory in Japan’s August 30 election, declared its nuclear policy supporting no-first-use in 2000. Okada was the head of the team that developed this policy. Although the current official status of the document is not clear, on May 12, 2009, Okada, who was DPJ secretary-general at the time, told a Diet session that â€Å"a norm not allowing at least first use, or making it illegal to use nuclear weapons against countries not possessing nuclear weapons, should be established. Japan should be at the forefront of this effort as a leader. In an interview soon after, Okada elaborated on his position: I believe that Japan should advocate the following three points: that the states possessing nuclear weapons, the United States in particular, should declare no first use; formation of an agreement that it is illegal to use nuclear weapons against countries without nuclear weapons; and, partly overlapping with these two, the initiative of a Northeast Asi an Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. If the United States declares no first use, that does not mean that Japan will be completely outside the nuclear umbrella. In a situation where nuclear weapons actually exist in this world, it would be natural that people feel worried about the nuclear umbrella going away. I talk about going out of the nuclear umbrella halfway, where first use would not be exercised, but in the unfortunate case that Japan suffers a nuclear attack, we are not ruling out a nuclear response to it. We have such an assurance ultimately. So please understand that I am not just talking about an idealistic theory. [32] He said, however, that â€Å"[w]e do not necessarily need a nuclear umbrella against the nuclear threat of North Korea. I think conventional weapons are enough to deal with it. At the recent Tokyo meeting, Perry said that the combined conventional forces of Japan and the United States would be enough to deter nuclear attacks of North Korea and that those forces could cause devastating damage. North Korea’s leaders know that, and they are not suicidal, he said Okada repeated his position in the inaugural Cabinet press conference on September 16, saying, â€Å"My own personal belief has been to question whether countries which declare their willingness to make first use of nuclear weapons have any right to speak about nuclear disarmament, or nuclear nonproliferation, in particular nonproliferation. † ****AT: DPJ***** Economic Reforms Fail Kan’s plans for economic reform are extremely vague and lacks crucial details Rowley 6-23 (Anthony, Correspondent for the Business Times, â€Å"Kans new economic plan lacks detail†, 6-23-2010, https://www. businesstimes. com. sg/sub/views/story/0,4574,391690,00. html, 6-23-2010) TC Like an upscale restaurant menu that carries no prices (because if you need to ask you cant afford to dine there), the Japanese governments 10-year economic growth strategy published last week offers a huge variety of policy dishes more than 300 in fact without deigning to put a price on any of them. Changing scene: The emphasis in the final version of Japans growth strategy is on plans to promote seven strategic sectors in highly uncontroversial areas such as the environment and energy, health and medical care, tourism and local revitalisation, employment creation, human resource development and co-prosperity with Asia This is partly because the Democratic Party of Japan-led government has yet to decide how to finance a huge programme of reforms that are supposed to lift the worlds second largest economy out of the doldrums of deflation and stagnation that have condemned it to relative decline in recent decades. It is also probably because the idea of providing policy supports to officially-targeted strategic industries in Japan is likely to prove controversial, especially at a time when Prime Minister Naoto Kans new government is adopting a hair-shirt image of fiscal austerity. Radical ideas such as that of Japan emulating its competitors by subsidising the development of strategic industries that appeared in source material for the growth strategy, are bsent from the final plan (at least in the English translation) apparently for fear of stirring controversy abroad. As a result, the growth strategy appears to have metamorphosed from a hard-edged method for making government an active partner of Japanese industry a new Japan Inc philosophy into a traditional, rather fuzzy Japanese plan that appears designed neither to please nor offend anyone. The lack of boldness that characterises Japans new growth strategy may be a political feint on Mr Kans part. When Japans Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Meti) produced its own vision of Japans industrial future a few weeks ago, much of which was supposed to find its way into the growth strategy, there was talk of restoring Japans position as a leading manufacturing nation. Areas such as space and aerospace development, robotics, advanced electronics and information technology were supposed to become central to Japans future industrial strategy, to offset its dangerous over-dependence on a few consumer manufactures such as motor vehicles and consumer electronics. Meti lamented the loss of Japans position as Asias leading industrial nation and its dramatic decline in competitiveness and its plunge in per capita GDP status. It called for Japan to emulate the proactive industrial policies of nations such as the US, South Korea and France by providing subsidies and other supports for the development of key industries. All this appears to have been downplayed, if not actually dropped, from the final version of the growth strategy which Mr Kan will use as a basis for the manifesto that his party will present to voters in the upper house parliamentary election due next month. Instead, the emphasis is on plans to promote seven strategic sectors in highly uncontroversial areas such as the environment and energy, health and medical care, tourism and local revitalisation, employment creation, human resource development and co-prosperity with Asia. Only the idea of turning Japan into a more science and technology-oriented nation and the inclusion (as a kind of after-thought) of financial sector development hint at a more hard-nosed attempt to push Japan back into the forefront of industrial innovation and regional leadership. Through promotion of these activities, Japan is supposed to raise its average annual real growth rate from around one per cent over the past couple of decades (with much of that due to the boosting effect that deflation has on real GDP) to 3 per cent in nominal terms and 2 per cent in real terms over the next 10 years. This obviously implies the end of deflation and the restoration of steadily rising prices a target which the government says it is determined to achieve within the short space of one year from now, without explaining exactly how it hopes to do so. Some 120 trillion yen (S$1. 8 trillion) of additional demand (equivalent to around 20 per cent of current GDP) is supposed to be injected into Japans economy over the next 10 years by virtue of focusing on the seven strategic sectors, and some five million new jobs created. Such is the very general (and uncontroversial) nature of the growth strategy that few Japanese voters are likely to challenge it or demand more specific answers from the DPJ about how growth can be stimulated and at what cost to taxpayers. Mr Kan would probably prefer not to answer such questions at present. Getting government back into business could be very costly, especially if this includes subsidising development of certain industries, and he is anxious to cultivate an austere image at present. Mr Kans insistence on giving priority to restoring fiscal soundness appears to go against the DPJs original mission to promote economic growth by means of subsidising personal consumption through generous child allowances, a commitment that has now been scaled back. Without radical new approaches such as the DPJ appeared to offer on both supply and demand side, some economists fear Japan could continue to stagnate, slipping soon behind China as the worlds second largest economy and progressively behind other Asian nations too in terms of competitiveness. The lack of boldness that characterises the new growth strategy including the absence of earlier-suggestions to use funds from Japans state-owned postal savings and insurance fund and from state pension schemes to fund industrial development may be a political feint on Mr Kans part. He may be trying to shore up relations between his party, which has strong backing from trades unions, and Japanese business lobbies especially the federation of economic organisations (Keidanren) which argues that the private sector must take the lead in Japans economic revival, even though it has failed to do so up to now. Any strong emphasis on more dirigiste or interventionist government policies at this stage could cost the DPJ votes. Likewise, Mr Kans decision to delay controversial legislation to scale back the privatisation of Japans postal empire a cash cow that could be milked to help finance the government growth strategy may be another political feint. If the DPJ can use such stratagems to reassure voters that it is not leading the country toward fiscal ruin and thereby capture enough seats in the July 11 upper house election to give it absolute control over both houses of Parliament, it will be in a position to give teeth to the growth strategy. If not, the menu of offerings is unlikely to satisfy Japans growth needs. Economic Reforms Fail Kan’s new plans to raise sales tax in Japan will fail and create a situation even worse than it is in the status quo Nozawa 6-22 (Shigeki, reporter from Bloomberg Businessweek, â€Å"Japan’s Sales Tax Gain May Widen Deficit, Credit Suisse Says†, 6-22-2010, https://www. businessweek. com/news/2010-06-22/japan-s-sales-tax-gain-may-widen-deficit-credit-suisse-says. tml, 6-22-2010) TC Raising Japan’s sales tax prematurely would damp economic growth, push the nation deeper into deflation and widen its budget deficit, according to Credit Suisse Group AG. While Japan’s public debt is 180 percent of gross domestic product, it will be able to keep financing its budget deficit with domestic savings, said Hiromichi Shirakawa, chief Japan economist at Credit Suisse in Tokyo. Japan should maintain stimulus measures as there’s no need to rush fiscal reform, acco rding to Shirakawa. Prime Minister Naoto Kan â€Å"should prioritize the economic recovery,† Shirakawa said. â€Å"He may risk pushing Japan deeper into deflation if he rushes to raise the sales tax. † Japan needs to create at least 1. 1 million to 1. 9 million jobs over the short term to ease the deflationary shock likely to be caused by the tax increase, according to Shirakawa. Kan said last week he will consider the opposition Liberal Democratic Party’s proposal to double the tax to 10 percent. Yesterday he said it will probably take â€Å"at least two to three years† to raise the levy. Turn: Kan’s economic reforms will be a complete disaster for general public because of fewer corporate taxes, more pointless military spending, and an increased consumption tax rate that directly harms the poor and middle-class Peoples World 6/22 (Reposted from Japan Press Service, 6/22/10, Japans new prime minister vows strong economy but for whom? , https://peoplesworld. rg/japan-s-new-prime-minister-vows-strong-economy-but-fo r-whom/) TM TOKYO Prime Minister Kan Naoto in his first policy speech on June 13 stated that his new Cabinet will bring about a ‘strong economy, ‘robust public finances and a ‘strong social security system in an integrated manner. We now see both Japans economy and national finances in a weak condition, and the general public has the earnest desire to have the government strengthen them. In the economy, public finances and social security, the LDP (Liberal Democratic Party)-Komei governments kept giving out wrong prescriptions, which made conditions increasingly worse. What the new government should do now is, therefore, to provide new prescriptions and get rid of the cause of the disease that seriously damaged our country in these areas. ‘A third way In the policy speech, Kan emphasized he will pursue a third way that he said is different from the political direction of previous governments. However, when he talks about a strong economy, robust public finances and a strong social security, it is only a higher consumption tax rate and lower corporate taxes that the Prime Minister is attempting to achieve. This clearly indicates that the new DPJ (Democratic Party of Japan)-led government will keep the same course as that the previous DPJ-led government and the former LDP-Komei governments took. In fact, while describing their growth strategy at a press conference on June 9, Naoshima Masayuki, minister of economy, trade and industry, said, The corporate tax rate needs to be lowered about 15 percent. To begin with, we will reduce it by five percent in the next fiscal year. Hosono Goshi, acting secretary general of the DPJ, on June 11 also announced the party will include cutting corporate taxes as one of its campaign promises for the upcoming House of Councilors election. In addition, Finance Minister Noda Yoshihiko on June 8 explained that the Prime Ministers pledge for a drastic reform of the countrys tax system will obviously be applied to the consumption tax. According to the policy speech, the government will pursue a growth strategy by curbing wasteful expenditures and stabilizing social services through a sound national finance resulting from tax system reform with the result of promising relief to those in need. This scenario, however, seems to be a pie in the sky. On the Futenma base issue for the U. S. forces, the government will increase the huge enormous military budget to construct a large military base at Henoko in Nago City at the U. S. request instead of reducin g the military budget. Far from correcting excessive tax breaks for large corporations and the very rich, the government is planning a further tax cut for large corporations. The government is going to increase wasteful spending, and no sound finance and elimination of wastes are possible unless the military budget and tax cuts for large corporations and the rich are redressed. The substance of the DPJ growth strategy looks just like that of the Liberal Democratic-Komei government: increasing the gap between the extremely rich and the rest of society. The pension system that the DPJ is proposing as part of social services reform is thinly disguised a mechanism to shift the cost of pension premiums borne by large corporations to the general public by increasing the consumption tax rate. The government is going to maintain the discriminatory medical service system for elderly people aged 75 and over for another three years, thus breaking the DPJ public promise to abolish the discriminatory system. What is worse, the government is going to lower the age of applicability to 65, thus expanding the scope of the system. It is the quickest way to increase social unrest, not relief. On June 8, soon after the new DPJ leadership was established, Secretary General Edano Yukio and acting Secretary General Hosono Goshi paid a courtesy visit to the Japan Business Federation (Nippon Keidanren). Hosono stated that the DPJ is preparing a growth strategy in accordance with the demands of Nippon Keidanren. Party that can speak for people against business circles If strong economy, national finance, and social services mean a strong and reliable government representing the interests of business circles and large corporations, nothing good can be expected for the general public. The DPJ government, just as the LDP-Komei government, gives priority to the interests of business circles and large corporations over the concerns of peoples living conditions. The key to defend peoples livelihoods and gain a sound economic recovery is installing a government that can stand up to the self-centered interests of the United States and the Japanese business circles. Economic Reforms Fail Empirically, Kan’s tax-centric reforms are likely to crumple the economy. Asia Times Online 6/22 (Christopher Johnson, author of Siamese Dreams,6/22/10, Kan confronts taxing challenge , https://www. atimes. om/atimes/Japan/LF23Dh01. html) TM TOKYO If youre shopping in Tokyo for a new television to watch the football World Cup, would you still buy it if the sales tax was doubled to 10%, as many politicians want? Or how about 20%, as some Finance Ministry officials suggest, or 22%, as the advised last month, in order to pay down the swelling government debt? Amid growing calls for tax hikes, many citizens and economists in Japan are worrying that the introduction of new taxes, which has snuffed out economic recoveries in the past, could scare away consumers and erode the popularity of new Prime Minister Naoto Kan. It seems to me to be unwise to be raising taxes when there is still so much excess capacity in the economy, interest rates are already at zero, and the exchange rate is strong, Richard Jerram, an economist at Macquarie Capital Securities in Tokyo, told Asia Times Online. Japan does not face the same constraints as Greece, which suffers from being locked into the euro. A Kyodo news survey over the weekend found that a third of about 400 candidates running for the July 11 Upper House elections favor doubling the consumption tax to 10%, and the former long-time ruling party, the Liberal Democratic Party, vows to make it its policy. But only a third of the current rulers, the Democratic Party of Japan, said they supported the tax hike, while another third didnt respond to the survey. While this suggests that party members are divided over tax hikes, Kan, who became premier on June 8, devoted most of his first speech in the Diet (parliament) to worrying about the countrys debt, which is more than twice annual gross domestic product, the highest-rated among industrialized nations. We cannot sustain public that overly relies on issuing bonds, Kan told the Diet. As we can see in the euro zone confusion that started from Greece, there is a risk of default if the growing public debt is neglected and if trust is lost in the bond market. Kan proposed setting up a panel to discuss fiscal reform beyond the boundaries of ruling and opposition parties, and some of his party members reportedly want their election manifesto to include pledges to raise the tax. On Monday, however, Kan indicated the government would not raise the sales tax for at least two to three years. Bloomberg news quoted overnment Toshiki Tomita as saying that Kan may have to raise taxes by as much as 7 trillion yen (US$76 billion) to fulfill pledges to cap bond sales and limit public spending. Yet many politicians will recall that the T-word has cursed leaders and the economy in the past. Noboru Takeshita had to resign as prime minister not long after introducing the shohizei 3% consumption tax in 1989, which some say burst Japans bubble. In 1994, prime minister Morihiro Hosokawa announced at a midnight press conference that he was going to hike the tax to 7% but he dropped the plan the next day amid a backlash and was ousted a few months later. In 1997, premier Ryutaro Hashimoto finally pushed the sales tax to 5% , but many critics blamed it for snuffing out a recovery. Since then, a distrustful public has balked at any government attempt to take more money from them, in light of corruption scandals and the mishandling of millions of pension records. During the 2005 election campaign, then-prime minister Junichiro Koizumi told an interviewer that the election was an inappropriate time to talk about tax hikes, which he reportedly favored as part of his efforts to stream the fat off Japans bloated public and corporate sectors. Koizumi resigned soon after winning the election, and proposals for tax hikes have been dead in the water, at least until resurfacing in the past few months. Economic Reforms Fail Japan’s economic state is on the brink of collapse and a tax increase may be unsuccessful and unpopular Ghosh 6-11(Palash R. Ghosh, writer for International Business Times, Japans Own Growing Debt Crisis, 6/11/10, https://www. ibtimes. com/articles/28207/20100611/debt. htm, 6-21-10, DS) Over the last 30 years, Japan’s real GDP has hovered around 2% per year. This growth rate is not high enough for them to grow their way out of their spending – the spending accumulates debt and the debt becomes a greater and greater percentage of their overall output,† said Timothy Courtney, chief investment officer at Burns Advisory Group in Oklahoma City. â€Å"Currently, Japan ranks second in estimated debt/GDP ratio at roughly 190% [the largest such figure among wealthy, industrialized nations ], behind only Zimbabwe. Eventually there will be one of three outcomes: growth must accelerate to pay for spending, spending must be reduced, or debt must be defaulted on. Gerald Buetow, Jr. chief investment officer of Innealta Capital in Charlottesville, Va. opined that â€Å"what Mr. Kan said is basically true, but its nothing new. Japan has been playing an irresponsible fiscal game for at least the past 15 years. The amount of public debt has been absurdly high for too long. † Buetow explains that Japan was able to sustain its enormous debt because there was high domestic demand for these instruments. â€Å"The Japanese investor is a big saver and highly disciplined,† he said. But now as those investors age and become retirees, theyre likely to become net-spenders. Plus, there is little new demand from foreign investors for Japanese debt because of the low yields they provide. Where is the new demand coming from? † Indeed, Japan’s relatively high savin gs rate has allowed their debt to be purchased by domestic savers who have accepted relatively low interest rates. â€Å"This has kept their debt from exploding like it did in Greece, but the risk is still there,† Courtney noted. â€Å"Rates are low because economic growth is anemic. If growth continues to be anemic, how can the country service its debt? It likely can’t without raising taxes, which will further stunt future growth. † Thus, The Japanese face the urgency of restructuring their debt and finding new ways to generate revenue – one politically unpopular way, raising the sales tax, has already been hinted at by Mr. Kan. Japans problems are indeed daunting – but are their finances really as bad as Greeces (prior to the IMF/EU bailout)? Probably not. For one thing, Japan enjoys a large trade surplus and it is a creditor nation. The distressing sovereign debt crisis in Europe has apparently made governments around the world take a long, hard look at their own financial conditions, leading, perhaps, to some over-the-top doomsday comments from senior officials. Still, Japan needs to reduce spending and impose some kind of austerity program, whether they are welcomed by the populace or not. Otherwise, given their demographic issues, the nation may find itself in a kind of death spiral. *****AT: DUGONG***** Species Defense No Solvency – multiple alternate causalities Rosenzweig 01 (Michael L. Rosenzweig, Department of Ecology Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 2001, PNAS, Volume 98, No. 10, May 8, p. 5404) Human pressure may greatly accelerate the relaxation process by increasing accidental extinction rates. Various human activities suggest this. We increasingly commingle evolutionarily separate provincial biotas, creating the New Pangaea and introducing native species to predatory and competitive threats from exotics (47). We rapidly transport novel diseases and parasites around the world. We simplify biotic temporal regimes (for example by limiting disturbances such as fire). And we are warming the globe. The National Research Council (44) implicates exotic species or lack of adequate disturbance as the root cause in endangering a significant proportion of threatened U. S. species. But global warming may constitute the worst threat of all: by altering the basic abiotic conditions of reserves, it can destroy their ability to do much of their job. When the earth was covered with contiguous tracts of natural habitat, species could track such changes, moving to keep up with the shifts in location of their favored habitats and so avoiding extinction (48-50). But today, with natural habitats restricted to patches of reserves, this is not possible. Meanwhile, we show little sign of abandoning the destruction of habitat that brings deterministic extinction to species. No Impact – ecosystems are sufficiently resilient to withstand the loss of one species Sedjo 2k (Roger A Sedjo, Sr. Fellow, Resources for the Future, 2000, Conserving Nature’s Biodiversity: insights from biology, ethics and economics, eds. Van Kooten, Bulte and Sinclair, p. 114 As a critical input into the existence of humans and of life on earth, biodiversity obviously has a very high value (at least to humans). But, as with other resource questions, including public goods, biodiversity is not an either/or question, but rather a question of â€Å"how much. † Thus, we may argue as to how much biodiversity is desirable or is required for human life (threshold) and how much is desirable (insurance) and at what price, just as societies argue over the appropriate amount and cost of national defense. As discussed by Simpson, the value of water is small even though it is essential to human life, while diamonds are inessential but valuable to humans. The reason has to do with relative abundance and scarcity, with market value pertaining to the marginal unit. This water-diamond paradox can be applied to biodiversity. Although biological diversity is essential, a single species has only limited value, since the global system will continue to function without that species. Similarly, the value of a piece of biodiversity (e. g. 10 ha of tropical forest) is small to negligible since its contribution to the functioning of the global biodiversity is negligible. The global ecosystem can function with â€Å"somewhat more† or â€Å"somewhat less† biodiversity, since there have been larger amounts in times past and some losses in recent times. Therefore, in the absence of evidence to indicate that small habitat losses threaten the functioning of the global life support system, t he value of these marginal habitats is negligible. The â€Å"value question† is that of how valuable to the life support function are species at the margin. While this, in principle, is an empirical question, in practice it is probably unknowable. However, thus far, biodiversity losses appear to have had little or no effect on the functioning of the earth’s life support system, presumably due to the resiliency of the system, which perhaps is due to the redundancy found in the system. Through most of its existence, earth has had far less biological diversity. Thus, as in the water-diamond paradox, the value of the marginal unit of biodiversity appears to be very small. *****DISADVANTAGE LINKS***** Heg DA Links Okinawan marine bases are key to US power projection and Asian stability Kapoor 6/10/10 (Rajesh, The Strategic Relevance of Okinawa The Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis https://www. idsa. in/idsacomments/TheStrategicRelevanceofOkinawa_rkapoor_100610) The debate over the necessity of US troops and bases in Okinawa Prefecture has created several political ripples within Japan. However the Japanese government has always given preference to the US-Japan Security Alliance over domestic politics citing national security requirements. The relocation of US bases and troops outside Okinawa could have dampened the future of the US-Japan Security Alliance, which remains indispensable for both the US and Japan. Notwithstanding popular sentiments, the Japanese government has agreed to a â€Å"mutually viable solution† – relocation of Futenma air base within Okinawa probably off the coast of Henoko, Nago City in Okinawa Prefecture. Why is Okinawa so important for the US? Why do Japanese governments place so much importance on the US-Japan security alliance, while the people-centric issues are put on the back burner? In the post-Occupation period, US troops and military bases in Japan have been instrumental in ensuring peace and stability within Japan as well as in East Asia. The geo-strategic location of Okinawa makes it the preferred site for hosting US military bases both in terms of securing Japan as well as for US force projection in the Far East. Okinawa’s distance from the rest of Japan and from other countries of East Asia makes it an ideal location to host military bases and thus extend US military outreach considerably. In the case of an eventuality, it is easier for the US marines, who act as first responders to exigencies, to take appropriate action well before the rest of Japan is affected. In addition, Japan cannot ignore the potential threat it faces from its nuclear neighbours including China, North Korea and Russia. The Russian and Chinese threats, as of now, can be ruled out. However, the North Korean threat is very much real and Japan has been building up its Ballistic Missile Defence system in collaboration with the US to cater for it. Okinawan basing is critical to US military capabilities in Asia